Which study tips and tricks actually work scientifically, and can help you get those perfect grades?
有哪些学习技巧是真的科学有效，并能帮你取得好成绩呢？
First step, research shows that study sessions are most effective in small short chunks, instead of cramming in a ten hour study session, it’s much more effective to spread it out into twenty thirty-minutes sessions over a few weeks.
首先，研究表明，短时间的分段学习效果最好，比起填鸭式地一口气学10个小时，坚持几周地学习20、30分钟更有效果。
This is because your brain is better at encoding information into synapses in short repeated sessions as opposed to one large one.
这是因为你的大脑更擅长把短时间重复过的内容翻译成神经突触，而不擅长翻译长的内容。
Cramming and pilling allnighters may be a ritual, it turns out that this is linked to the lowest grades. After pro-longed study sessions, reasoning and memoring may be negatively effected for after 4 whole days.
熬夜学习可能是一种惯例，但其实这直接导致了成绩不佳。长时间学习会对之后4天的记忆及推理能力产生坏的影响。
Instead, setting up specific times a day, or during the week, just to study primes your brain by creating a routine and overtime studying actually becomes easier, as your brain is trained to learn in those moments.
相反，在一天或者一周的某一特定时间学习，会刺激你的大脑，形成一个常规活动，时间久了以后，学习会变得简单因为你的大脑知道现在该学习了。
Many of us spend hours passively rereading our notes or highlighting a textbook, studies have shown this to be inaffective, it doesn’t prove your understanding of topics, nor does it link key concepts together. It can be detrimental, as it draws your attention to less important information.
我们大多数人会被动地重复阅读教科书、笔记或者进行标注，但研究表明这样是很没有效率的。这样既不会帮你理解这个内容也不会把重点联系起来。甚至还可能是有害的，因为你会去注意一些没那么重要的信息。
Flashcards, on the other hand, are proven to be excellent memory reinforcement tools, whether during your schedule study times, or during off times like a bus ride home.
而卡片则是一个加强记忆的好工具，不论在什么时候，在你规定的学习时间也好，还是在其他时间比如坐车回家。
8888.pngIt also helps to have a specific goal for each study session, pick one aspect you’re focused on, whether it’s balancing chemical equations or learning how to conjugate French verbs. If you can’t explain it simply, then you don’t understand it well enough.
卡片还会帮你找到某一内容的具体目标，找出一个你现在在关注的点，无论是如何平衡化学方程式，还是如何连接法语动词。如果你不能简单地解释它，那你对它的理解就还不够好。
In studies where individuals were asked to learn a passage, and then half were told they would be tested on the material, while the other half were told they would have to teach it to other students. Participants expecting to teach it did much better at understanding the main points. When you’re expecting to teach, your brain organizes the information in a more logical, coherent structure.
在一个研究项目里，人们被要求学习一篇文章，然后其中一半人被告知他们会在学习后考试，另一半人被告知他们学会后要教给其他的人。那一半被要求教别人的参与者对文章理解得更透彻。因为当你知道要教别人时，你的大脑在组织信息时会更连贯和有逻辑。
Can’t focus? Get some exercise. A study found that those who worked out for 15 minutes on a stationery bike, and then complete a memory task, completed the task significantly faster than the group that didn’t exercise. Even a quick walk around the block can clear up your mind.
没办法专心？多做一些运动。一份研究显示，那些做了15分钟室内脚踏车运动的人，比那些没有做的人更快速地完成记忆力的测试。即使只是短暂的在街区走一走也能让你的脑袋清醒。
Here’s a no brainer: make sure you’re hydrated.
这个很简单：确保自己水分补充足够。
In a study where participants fasted and abstained from fluids since the previous evening, they were asked to perform on a reaction test. One group was given 500ml of water right before the test while the other group wasn’t. The group that was able to hydrate before the test obviously performed significantly better. This is because water helps improve overall mental processing and learning.
在一项研究中，参与者在前一天晚上开始禁食且禁止喝任何液体，他们被要求参加一个反应试验。一组在实验前给他们500毫升的水，另一组则没有。测试前有喝水的那一组明显表现比较好。这是因为水帮助改善整体心理的活动与学习。
Having awesome playlist? Not so fast. Some studies have shown that certain types of classical music can help improve concentration. Our recent studies have shown that learning with rhythmic background noise can be detrimental to focus, and those not using music, very much better.
有一个超棒的学习时的播放列表？等一下！一些研究表明，某些类型的古典音乐有助于提高注意力。我们最近的研究表明，学习时听有节奏的背景噪声会不利于注意力集中，而那些不使用音乐的人则会好得多。
And if you haven’t already, PUT AWAY YOUR PHONE! This is a no-brainer, but your texts and social media notifications severely decrease concentration.
如果你还没有，收起你的手机！这很容易做，但你的短信和社交媒体提醒会严重影响你的注意力。
